Onias Mpofu Associate of Business Administration Business Administration Angola |
Desrie Marisa Southwell Doctor of Business Administration Business Management Antigua and Barbuda |
Guaicaipuro José Jiménez Jiménez Post Doctorate of Philosop hy Philosophy Aruba |
Agbocou Jules Clotaire Kossi Doctor of Science Computer Science Benin |
Rafael Vladimir Pardo Elio Bachelor of Science Electrical Engineering Bolivia |
Norma Valeria Cecilia Moscoso Valda Bachelor of Science Psychology Bolivia |
Channthorn Mao Doctor of Business and Economics Business Management Cambo dia |
Shannon Teeple-Landry Doctor of Philosop hy Nutrition Science Canada |
Rosa Soledad Fernández Herrera Doctor of Education Education Chile |
Rawhoudine Said Charriffaini Doctor of Mathematics Mathematics Education Comoros |
Paul Kaposela Kapopo Master of Science Environmental Science Congo |
Bieme Mpikandutu Daddy Master of Administration AEV Affairs Developmental Rural Congo |
José Luis Stonestreet Quintero Bachelor of Science Civil Engineering Costa Rica |
Caridad Nolasco Alvarez Doctor of Agronomy Plant Protection Dominican Republic |
María Fernanda López Granja Bachelor of Business Administration Marketing Ecuador |
Wilson Elías Guanoquiza Cando Doctor of Philosop hy Mathematics Ecu |
Carlos Guillermo González Coloma Bachelor of Spo rts Science Sports Science Ecuador |
Segundo Justo Aviles Bachelor of Science Psychology Ecuador |
Lourdes Farfan Bachelor of Psychology Clinical Psychology Ecuador |
Yuleiki Del Carmen Duque Franco Bachelor of Education Early Childhood Pedagogy Equatorial Guinea |
Vishnu Naraine Panday Doctor of Education Educational Psychology Guyana |
Rigane Mascary Master of Economics Economics Haiti |
Lesby Daniela Ochoa Molina Masters in Legal Studies Legal Studies Honduras |
Marliz Elizabeth Vidal Salas Bachelor of Philology Hispa nic Education, Literature and Spanish Grammar Hungary |
Roy Yakov Ben Ishay (Amir) Doctor of Science Supply Chain Management Israel |
Claudia P. Barrientos Cambara de P. Doctor of Philosop hy Peace, Climate Change and Sust. Dev. Italy |
Raquel Ann-Monique Brown Bachelor of Psychology Education Psychology Jamaica |
Hilary Suzette Edmond Bassaragh Master of Education Education Jamaica |
Loai Ziad Hasan Al-Adim Doctor of Science Business Innov. in Elect. Power Engineering Jord |
Lisebo Ramakatsa Doctor of Management Human Resource Management Lesotho |
José Salvador Gutiérrez Peña Bachelor of Science Civil Engineering Mexico |
Mounir Bensalah Doctor of Philosop hy Human Rights Morocco |
Ademola Adedeji Odutola Doctor of Science Architecture Nigeria |
Joseph C. Awodeha Doctor of Philosop hy Human Resources Management Niger |
Morgan Ajoku Doctor of Philosop hy Supply Chain Management Nigeria |
Abdulrahman Kitilly Hudu Master of Science Public Health and Epidemiology Nigeria |
Ibanga Eyo Ekong Doctor of Philosop hy Renewable and Sustainable Energy Nigeri |
Sekoni Temiloluwa Odunayo Bachelor of Science Computer Science Nigeri |
Dr. Eirik Oern Doctor of Strategy and Management Strategy and Management Norway |
Pedro Eloy Yataco Tasayco Bachelor of Agronomic Engineering Agronomic Engineering Peru |
Elgeen Edmée Montilla Ortiz Doctor of Business Administration Marketing Puerto Ri |
Jody Eiser Doctor of Science Psychology South Africa |
Max Vladimir Martínez Portillo Bachelor of Arts Social Work Spa in |
Navin Riteshkumar Ruben Samoedj Doctor of Business Management Business Management Suriname |
Emmanuel Peter Kichere Bachelor of Science Civil Engineering Tanza |
Jose Manuel Maniqun Doctor of Urba n Planning and Mgmt. Urban Planning and Management Timor Leste |
Omijie Ailen Elijah Doctor of Science Information Systems Togo |
Parvin Mashoori Doctor of Science Agriculture (Herbal Therapy) Türkiye |
Roxanne Magdalene St. Clair Doctor of Business Administration Business Administration and Management United Kingdom |
Yaremi Ledesma Alvarez Bachelor of Music Music USA |
Gabriel Ochoa Rangel Bachelor of International Relations International Relations USA |
Bright Karikari Brako Bachelor of Science Information Technology USA |
Lázaro Daniel González Valdés Master of Science Psychology USA |
Gil Ramon Paiz Zeledon Doctor of Science Nutrition USA |
Laura Alejandra Villalba Benitez Doctor of Legal Sciences Comparative Electoral Studies USA |
Dominique Danielle De Lira Bachelor of Science Biochemistry Engineering USA |
Ronald Chandra Master of Engineering Mechanical Engineering USA |
Maria Elena Zegarra Vasquez Doctor of Philosop hy Biotechnology USA |
Dr. Gil Ramon Paiz Zeledon Doctor of Science Nutrition USA |
Shatha A Ghanem Bachelor of Arts Arts USA |
Melvin Robert Harris Doctor of Public Health Public Health USA |
Luis .E. Bayter O. Master of Business Administration Global Business USA |
Gabriel Ochoa Rangel Bachelor of International Relations International Relations USA |
Freddy ChandaNg'uni Doctor in Public Health Public Health Zambia |
Vongai Madamombe Taruvingira Master of Science Public Health Zimbabwe |
We are in a world that asks
us: What is happening?
Let’s look at the thought that
has given us many benefits,
many answers: Science.
Science refers to knowledge.
What is knowledge?
When we talk about knowledge,
we think of other
concepts that are related to it,
which means close, but don’t
define it as such, these concepts
are: Believe and Know.
Within my bibliographic world I have a job that has
always enriched me because
few are interested in what
they mean: Believe, Know and
Know. The work I mention is
by Luis Villoro published by
Siglo Veinte y Uno- Siglo XXI.
It also appears published
in 2024, by the Philosophical
magazine of the National
Autonomous University of
Mexico-UNAM.
At first glance it seems that these concepts mean the same
thing. By studying them the result
clarifies the definition and
therefore with the difference we
avoid many errors in their use.
“If we take Believing in its
most general sense, it simply
means “to hold a statement to
be true” or “to hold a fact to be
existing”, to accept the truth
and reality of something, without
implying that my evidence
is sufficient or not”. (Villoro,
2009, p. 15).
The situation of belief is
clear; I don’t have sufficient
evidence for the thought I
express. Villoro continues: “A
belief is true only if the proposition
in which it is expressed
is true”. (Villoro, 2009, p. 16).
Here Villoro goes to the
foundation that Science has
in the Logical Principles of
the same worked by Aristotle.
Stagira, Greece, 384 BC - 322
BC Chalcis, Greece.
Villoro also says that belief
is “…an acquired dispositional
state that causes a coherent
set of responses and that is
determined by an apprehended
objective object or situation”.
(Villoro, 2009, p. 71).
What Villoro says is that
what we call belief is what we perceive: it is what we independently
and without a demonstration
as such capture of
something that we will call the
object of that belief. Regarding
Knowledge, Villoro tells us:
“Because Wise is not the one
who knows many general principles,
nor the one who can explain
everything through safe
theories, but the one who can
distinguish in each circumstance
the essential behind the
appearances, the one who can
integrate into a concrete unit
the apparent manifestations of
an object; wise is also the one
who, in each individual situation,
can better distinguish
what is truly important, and
for this he has a more shrewd
look than others”. (Villoro,
2009, p. 226).
From the above conceptualization
we can effectively differentiate the qualities and
attitudes that any human being
must have to be called wise.
From what is clear from the
above definition, being wise
doesn’t mean having all possible
degrees; being wise is
having the ability to see more
than what others can determine
by their ability to abstract
what others can’t extract from
the object, whether conceptual
or concrete.
Now let’s look at what
Knowing is: “In short, knowledge
in general is a dispositional
state to act, acquired,
determined by an apprehended
objective object or situation,
which is accompanied by a sure
guarantee of success”. (Villoro.
2009, pp. 220-221).
“Science consists of a set
of knowledge that can be
shared by a given epistemic
community: theories, statements
that relate them to
a domain of objects, statements
of observation that
can be verified intersubjectively;
all of this constitutes a
body of propositions founded
on objectively sufficient rea sons”. (Villoro, 2009, p. 222).
Science is special in that it’s
demonstrated and proven in
its results.
In Science, other knowledge
must also be taken into consideration;
a proposal that is
divergent from other knowledge
can’t be given as part of
science.
In Science, we are conditioned
to consider congruence
with other knowledge as
obligatory: there is always a
relationship with the epistemic
community.
Clarifying the meaning of
concepts that are often used
interchangeably to refer to
scientific knowledge because
it’s said: he is wise because
he knows a lot, identifying it
with knowing about science,
or he knows a lot but doesn’t
refer to scientific knowledge
that is referred to the epistemic
community.
We are in a new year,
2025, and we have had many
elections of governments,
some good and others called
“populist”. The big question
is: why are there so many reapopulist governments?
The neediest are taken, those
who have little knowledge of
science because they didn’t
have the opportunity to study.
What is striking is that these
governments have it or those
who want the money are looking
for it. A high percentage
of their members even have
studies. The surprise is that
these studies have remained in
a time of science that is already
very far away.
Science, in which the Nobel
Prizes have been awarded for
the last 10 years, is unknown
to these people and they want
to stay in these paradigms to
obtain money, even if they harm the planet, even if they
end world peace with hate
speech and disinformation.
Disinformation goes hand in
hand with hate speech because
the other human being must
be annulled so that no one
believes in his or her.
We are witnessing situations
that don’t involve compliance
with Human Rights. For the
types of governments, especially
the “populist” ones,
Education is the tool to keep
people subjugated.
What is happening with
UNESCO’s work for Sustainable
Development?
What is happening with Article
4 for Sustainable Development
regarding Education?
UNECO is doing the following:
“By mobilizing its
thousands of scientific partners
around the world, its 194
Member States, its educational
institutions and its networks
of cultural and natural sites,
UNESCO will support the development
of initiatives to achieve
the objectives of the Decade.
All partners, including governments,
research institutes,
universities, industry, civil
societies, the private sector and
individuals are called to participate
through the development
of their own initiatives”.
UNESCO launc hes the International
Dec ade of Science for Sus tainable Deve lopmen t (2024-2033) 3
Decem ber 2024. https://www.unesco.
org/en/articles/unesco-launches-theinternational-
decade-of-science-forsustainable-
development-2024-2033
It seems that nothing is
happening with Education and
governments that want their
people to remain in the dark
are silent about this work.
There is also a monitoring of
Education in the world, which
was done a few months ago.
“Based on the United Nations Pact for the Future, GEM
2024 marked a key moment for
education, bringing together
the international education
community, including governmental
and non-state actors,
to agree on acceleration strategies
for the rest of the 2030
Agenda, taking into account
the vision of transforming
education”.
(GEM Report) The Global Educ ation
Monitoring Report.
Global Educ ation Mee ting 2024 - 31 October - 1 Novem ber 2024
- Fortaleza, Brazil https://w”ww.
unesco.org/sdg4education2030/
en/2024-global-education-meeting
What was the objective of
this follow-up?
“…the Global Education
Meeting 2024 convened
by UNESCO aimed to foster
multilateral, intersectoral and
multi-stakeholder dialogue,
recognizing education as a
social equalizer and a driving
force for sustainable development.”
Global Educ ation Mee ting
2024. 31 October – 1 Novem ber
2024 – Fortaleza, Brazil. https://
www.unesco.org/sdg4education2030/
en/2024-global-education-meeting
What is clear is that the plan
of populist governments is to keep the smallest possible
population close to science.
Given what UNESCO is doing,
we are witnessing the work
of universities and Scientific
Research Centers: greater dissemination
of science.
The dissemination of science
is one of the objectives of every
university.
To counteract hate speech
and misinformation, there
must be greater dissemination
of science; you must see what
they are doing:
• Cambridge and Oxford in
England,
• The Max Planck Research Institutes
- 80 - most of them
in Germany,
• The University of Leuven in
Belgium,
• Yale University and The Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
in the United States,
among others.
You are doing your
study program at Atlantic International
University- AIU:
when they offer you
to do articles for scientific
journals this
is the reason.
Here are the reasons
why completing
your program at AIU
is the way to live
in peace and not be
used by anyone.
Here is the way to be
able to work without
being offered to
give you this or that
which is never there;
it is only lies.
Nowadays, more is published
about what research institutions
and universities do.
Those who want to keep
science static and remain in
power forever seem to be failing
in their objective.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. UNAM. Diánoia- Revista Filosófica. Hurtado, G.
(2024). Una relectura de Creer, saber, conocer. Diánoia, 68(93),
233–246. https://doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704913e.2024.93.2064.
https://dianoia.filosoficas.unam.mx/index.php/dianoia/article/
view/2064- noviembre 13-2024 | UNESCO. La UNESCO lanza el
Decenio Internacional de la Ciencia para el Desarrollo Sostenible
(2024-2033) 3 de diciembre 2024. https://www.unesco.org/es/articles/
la-unesco-lanza-el-decenio-internacional-de-la-ciencia-parael-
desarrollo-sostenible-2024-2033 | UNESCO. Reunión Mundial
sobre la Educación 2024, 31 de octubre – 1° de noviembre de
2024- Fortaleza, Brasil. https://www.unesco.org/sdg4education2030/
es/2024-global-education-meeting | Villoro, Luis. (2009). Creer,
saber y conocer. México. Siglo XXI.
The principle
of isomorphism
in architecture
and its basic property
The principle of isomorphism
in Architecture refers to
a great analogy, similarities, and correspondence, the
extension of relations between
two or many domains,
structures, spaces, ecological
units, environmental sets or
systems. It could be divided
into many sets of aspects:
the unity of environment, the
relations, and the priority of
the original ecological unit in
creating spaces or in solving
architectural problems. Many
principles could be identified
as aspects of the principle of
isomorphism. The principal
ones are the principle of
correspondence (of structure,
relations, operations…), the
principle of extension/ continuity,
the principle of reciprocal
influence, the principle of
the strength of the original
ecological unit, the principle
of constancy, the principle of
similarity / similitude.
Understanding the principle of
isomorphism in architecture
From which aspects of the
principle of isomorphism in
architecture, appropriate explanation
and changes could be
stated and realized in order to
improve the situation of some
created spaces?
The main aspects of the
principle of isomorphism to be
considered when explaining or
solving the problems related to
created spaces could be divided
into categories.
Category 1: The relationship
between spaces
(i) The principle of
correspondence; this principle
stipulates that when creating
spaces or improving the quality
of spaces already created
(house, building, green space,
town…), every pertinent
element of the space to be
created or to be transformed
should have its correspondent
in the original space to which
the building or created space
is related.
(ii) The principle of environmental
continuity stipulates
that the space to be created is
to some extent the continuity
of its surrounding space,
environment or set of its surrounding
spaces; every space
is reflecting its surrounding
environment.
(iii) The principle of reciprocal
influence of spaces stipulates
that when two or many
spaces are near, each of them
influences another or the other
—and this influence may have
a negative or a positive effect
on the other (Mum y, 2016).
(iv) The principle of similarity
/ similitude which implies the principle of correspondence,
states that, without being identical,
the created spaces (house,
building, green space, town…)
and the original space to which
the created space is related have
a resemblance, when considering
their pertinent characteristics,
functions, …
(v) The principle of constancy;
specifies the importance of
maintaining the spaces and the
relations inside each of them
and the relation between the
created spaces (house, building,
green space, town…) and
the original space in harmony;
that principle is materialized
through actions and behavior
aiming at permanently maintaining
created spaces (houses,
buildings, green spaces…) and
at frequently protecting the
environment.
Category 2: the priority of original
space in solving and preventing
architectural problems
(vi) The principle of the
strength of original ecological
or environmental units:
This principle stipulates
that when creating spaces
or improving the quality of
spaces already created, well
understanding and taking
into consideration the original
space and relation would
probably be more efficient.
The principle of the strength
of original ecological or
environmental units implies
also relationship between
spaces; however, it has
purposely been classified in
another category.
Explaining the problems related
to the Conflict between
occupants’ behavior and the
environmental characteristics
of the building, from conflicts
interspaces in connection with
the principle of isomorphism
in architecture
Two types of spaces are
concerned when studying
building from the principle of
isomorphism in architecture:
the initial or original space and
the target space that is created
or the transformed one.
After the definition of each of
these spaces and the relationship
between the spaces, it
might be possible to come out
with two possibilities: (i) a
congruence situation hypothesis
which is a situation of
harmony between spaces; (ii) a
conflictual situation hypothesis
which is a situation of disharmony.
In this last hypothesis,
the conflictual situation will be
a hypothesis stated to explain
the problems of buildings
and spaces. In this perspective,
in order to explain the
problems of a specific building
from the principle of isomorphism
in architecture, we will
firstly state the problem to be
solved based on the initial data collected; secondly, analyze
the situation characterizing
the type of relation that exists
between spaces; thirdly, state
the problem to be solved from
the conflict interspaces in connection
with the principle of
isomorphism in architecture.
Defining the problem to be solved
from initial data collected
From data collected through
the first interview with the client,
we came out with a set of
problems. These problems are
grouped in many categories.
1. Climatic characteristics:
The problems identified are
related to (i) thermal comfort;
heat storage; humidity; the residential building is not one
that meets up with ventilation
requirements; this problem
involves also air movement
and thermal comfort of the
building; (ii) Insufficiency of
day lighting.
2. Building Materials used: The
problem identified is related to
humidity that affects walls and
other objects. This problem
involves also the durability of
building materials.
3. Energy efficiency and water
comfort: The problems identified
are related to (i) Insufficiency
of electrical energy; (ii)
Insufficiency of water supply.
4. Relief characteristics of the
site: The problem identified is related to structural stability
that affects walls and other
parts of the building.
These data and identified
problems of the building were
just considered as hypotheses
of the situation to be analyzed.
Analysis and diagnostic
of the situation
From the interview with the
occupants and the observation
of the building, we came out
with some data related to the
situation to be analyzed. The
analysis and diagnostic of the
situation consisted of defining
the main spaces (the original
and target spaces), the different
pertinent relations and of identifying the conflict situation
to be solved.
Definition of spaces
The original space: Defining
the original space and
its characteristics consists of
stating the different pertinent
elements of the original
space and surroundings.
They could involve the relief
characteristics of the site, the
climatic conditions, building
materials, natural sources of
energy, resources in terms of
water supply and other.
The target space: Defining the
target space and its characteristics
consists of stating the
different pertinent elements of
the building and its surroundings.
They involve the relief
characteristics of the site, the
climatic characteristics, the
building materials used, the
sources of energy used and the
resources used in terms of water
supply. Table 2 present the
environmental characteristics
of the original space and of the
target one. (See Table 2)
The different spaces
are made up of elements belonging to four subsets corresponding
to the four aspects
of the environmental characteristics.
After the definition of
the main spaces, the different
pertinent relations are below
stated with the intention to
identify the conflicting situation
to be solved.
Definition of the relationships:
different conflicting
situations between spaces
What relationship exit
between elements of original
space and of elements of
target space? This section is
focused on the determination
of the relationship between
spaces, specifying the original
and the reverse relations and
identifying from the principle
of correspondence or bijective
relation, the different
conflictual situations within
the whole set of relationships
between spaces (original space
and target space).
1. The relief characteristics
of the original space
and the relief characteristics
of the building
Relief characteristics of the
site in the original space are
mainly made up of hilly landscape
and the relief characteristics
related to the building
is the one of a house on hilly
relief. When we considered
the original relation; from
original space to target space,
and the reverse relation: from
the target space to the original
one, it is easy to observe that
there is no conflictual situation.
This situation is unlikely
to generate a problem related
to the structural stability of
the building.
2. Climatic characteristics of
the original space and Climatic
characteristics of the building
Climatic characteristics of
the original space are mainly
made up of heat, humidity; a
lot of precipitations and the
climatic characteristics related
to the building are the one
of a house in hot temperate.
Even free air movement is very
light. Concerning wind access,
the building of the project is
south west-oriented. From
the orientation above stated,
it is manifest that the building
wind access represents at least
11% of the time. The building
has a good orientation. Consequently,
the environmental
characteristics harmonize with
the building characteristics.
There is no conflictual situation.
The principle of correspondence
is taken into
consideration. This situation
is not likely to induce heat and
humidity in the building.
3. Building Materials in the
original space and Building
Materials in the building
The Building Materials in the original space are mainly
made up of (clay bricks, stone
and cement). The Building
Materials used to construct the
building is made up of cement
blocks, clay bricks, wood)
whose quality was quite good.
In terms of building materials
used the situation of the
building is suitable to the
environmental characteristics
of the original space. This situation
that positively affect the
comfort the building occupants
is not a conflictual situation
between the environmental
characteristics and the building
characteristics. This situation
is unlikely to induce heat in the
building and problems related
to its structural stability.
4. Sources of energy in the
original space and sources of
energy used in the building
The sources of energy available
in the original space are
made up of solar energy. Electrical
energy is very insufficient.
The source of energy used in
the building is electrical energy.
Also, from time to time, solar
energy is used. When we considered
the original relation (from
original space to target space)
and the reverse relation (from
the target space to the original
one), it is easy to observe that
there is no conflictual situation.
This situation is unlikely
to induce problems related to
insufficient lighting and energy
efficiency in the building.
5. Resources in terms of water
in the original space and Resources
used in terms of water
used in the building
The resources in terms of
water, available in the original
space are mainly made up of
water from wells. There is no
direct access to water from
the national company. The
resources in terms of water in
the building are made up of
rainfall water during rainy seasons,
water from pipe-borne
water during dry seasons and
of water from well from time
to time. When we considered
the set of relations between the
original space and the target
space, the situation of the
building in terms of water supply
is quite in harmony with
the environmental characteristics
of the original space.
This situation of the building
that doesn’t conflict with the
environmental characteristics
is unlikely to cause problems
related to insufficient clean
water in the building.
Referring to the determination
of the relationship between
spaces and taking into consideration
the principle of
correspondence or bijective relation
to identify the different
conflictual situations within
the whole set of relationships
between spaces (original space
and target space), there is no
conflictual situation, especially
when taking into account the
relation between the environmental
characteristics and the
building characteristics.
In order to finally state the
problem to be solved, the first
step of the analysis must be
added to another step that involves
the relation between the
building occupants’ behavior
and the environmental characteristics.
The table written
below presents the main
problems from conflict situations
to be solved and taking
into consideration the Initial
conflict between environmental
characteristics and building
characteristics as well as the
conflict between the occupants’
behavior and the environmental
characteristic, stated from data
related to the interview with the
occupants of the building.
The main problems of the
house to be solved are related
to (i) structural stability (ii)
lighting (iii) heat storage and
ventilation (iv) humidity in the
building (v) energy efficiency
(vi) clean water (vii) acoustics
problems. (See Table 3)
Comment
1. Initial conflict between environmental
characteristics and building characteristics
i. Structural stability: inexistent
initial conflict between
environmental characteristics
and building characteristics
ii. Lighting: inexistent initial
conflict between environmental
characteristics and building
characteristics
iii. Heat storage and ventilation:
inexistent initial conflict
between environmental
characteristics and building
characteristics
iv. Humidity in the building: inexistent
initial conflict between
environmental characteristics
and building characteristics
v. Energy efficiency: inexistent
initial conflict between environmental
characteristics and
building characteristics
vi. Clean water: inexistent
initial conflict between environmental
characteristics and
building characteristics
vii. Acoustics problems: Light
Initial conflict between environmental
characteristics and
building characteristics
2. Conflict between the
building occupants’ behavior
and the environmental
characteristics
i. Structural stability: High
Conflict between the occupants’
behavior and the
environmental characteristics
(Very often human behavior
and activities consisting of destroying
herbs and discharging
wastewater have negative influence
on the Structural stability
of the house);
ii. Lighting: High Conflict between
the occupants’ behavior
and the environmental characteristics
(even on day times, all
the openings are closed.)
iii. Heat storage and ventilation:
High Conflict between occupants’
behavior and environmental
characteristics (even on
day times, most of the openings
are closed);
iv. Humidity in the building: High
Conflict between the occupants’
behavior and the environmental
characteristics (even on day
times, most of the openings are
closed; sometimes people pour
water on some walls);
v. Energy efficiency: High Conflict
between the occupants ‘behavior
and the environmental
characteristics (they have given
energy to occupants of another
residential building, probably
increasing energy inefficiency
of the building);
vi. Clean water: High Conflict
between the occupants’
behavior and the environmental
characteristics (waste
of clean water);
vii. Acoustics problems: High
Conflict between the occupants’
behavior and the environmental
characteristics (very
often some occupants of the
building and near-by buildings
are noisy and don’t often consider
the rights of others).
To sum up, concerning the
initial relation between the
environmental characteristics
and the building characteristics,
the conflict is either light
or quite inexistent. In contrary,
there is a high conflict
between occupants’ behavior
and environmental characteristics.
From the analysis of
these data, the final statement
of the problem to be solved
could be formulated.
Defining the final problem
to be solved
The main conflictual situations
are related to aspects
such as the durability of materials
used for construction, the suitability of building materials
and equipment to the climate
and to the environment (wood,
soil, wind, water, solar energy…),
Recycling of resources,
Conservation of resources, Day
lighting, Openings, air movement,
heat storage, structural
stability, location of the house
and acoustics problems. All
these problems result from the
conflict interspaces. In other
words, the conflict between
occupants’ behavior and the
environmental characteristics
of the building negatively
impact on the building and
the comfort of his occupants.
Solving these conflictual situations
corresponds to solving the problems related to the
Conflict between occupants’
behavior and the environmental
characteristics of the
building from conflicts interspaces
in connection with the
principle of isomorphism in
architecture and in the context
of environmental design (Elvira
Mum y, 2016).
Conclusion
This study was realized in a
global context of increasingly
rapid human need of reducing
the gap between human
activities and the environment.
From the increasing human
need of improving the way of
resolving the housing problem in the world, the study aimed
at explaining and solving the
problems related to the Conflict
between occupants’ behavior
and the environmental
characteristics of the building,
from conflicts interspaces in
connection with the principle
of isomorphism in architecture
and in the context of environmental
design. Based on a theoretical
framework focused on
the concept of isomorphism in
architecture, ecological design,
the principles of physics and
people’s behavior in a building,
as well as on the theory
of linear spaces in relation to
architecture, we came out with
a set of pertinent results.
After the analysis of the
architectural problem situation
to be solved, and referring to
the principle of correspondence
that mainly characterized the
principle or isomorphism in
architecture, the different
conflict situations within the
whole set of relations between
spaces (original space and
target space) in general and
specifically between occupants’
behavior and environmental
characteristics were stated. The
main problems of the specific
building to be solved were
related to Structural stability,
Lighting, Heat storage and
ventilation, Humidity in the
building, Energy efficiency,
clean water and Acoustics
problems. These problems
were due to conflict situations
between spaces. To conclude,
the study revealed that in the
context of ecological design,
“conflicts between spaces” in
connection with the principle
of isomorphism in architecture,
could be used to explain as
well as to prevent problems of
buildings. To specify this final
statement, the conflict between
occupants’ behavior and the
environmental characteristics
of the building negatively impacts
on the building and the
comfort of his occupants.
THE END
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