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Ways of combating street children and drug addicts in Lagos metropolitan

Blessing Okebugwu | Master’s Degree in Psychology | Excerpt

Outlines
1. Introduction 2. Type of children living on street 3. Why children run away from home 4. Nuisance 5. Negligence on the parts of parents, society and government 6. Ways of combating this —contribution from the children, parents, society and government

Introduction
One of the menaces of our times that are hitting our society negatively in Lagos is the street children and drug addicts menace. The street children comprises of street urchins, prostitutes, drug addicts, school drop-out, and social miscreants. They are people neglected by the society; many of them are jobless without any particular accommodation facility and are heavy alcoholic drunkards.

They constitute a nuisance to the people around where they stay. Stealing and rapping young girls that cross their way. Something must be done to put a stop to it or else the society would be engulfed by these social miscreants, just as my pastor –pastor Taiwo Odukoya said ‘if you don’t reach them, they will reach you’. There are professional street children and ordinary street children, then hardened street children. The professional constitute mainly beggars, while the ordinary are those that decide to run out of the house, and others sent or sponsor by some wicked elites in the society who use them as tugs, which develop to hired assassins. Some are sent to make money for their sponsors while they feed them daily. Others are indoctrinate to fight a religious war in time is needed. Another type of groups are the school dropouts, the stubborn and heady children who cannot stay with their parents and the orphans who are neglected by either poor uncles or wicked uncles. Other groups are the lazy ones who want to get things on a platter of gold without working for it, who are pilfers and they cannot lift up a broom. And finally, are those who are confused in life, they have no mind of their own but depend on their peer group to take decisions; they are easily lure to sin by their peer group. They have good parent willing to send them to school but cannot stay. Why they run away from home These children are mostly boys although we have girls who are street children; they cannot be comparing by the numerous boys on the street. They have several reasons for being on the street. Majority ran away from home because their mother died and their father remarried, the step mother started maltreating them badly. She was not giving them food. Some of them stole money and ran away from home. Some of them could not submit to their step mother. Some of them were apprentice but could not finish and ran away, either they stole money from their master and ran away. Some of them could not concentrate at the work they are learning due to peer group. Majority of them ran away as a result of poverty in the home, when parents or father could not feed his family, they have no choice than to get out of the home to look for daily food. Some of them were deceived by friends who told them to live their home and come to Lagos that they can get a job where they would make quick money, so they left home even left school for those in school and found themselves in Lagos for green pasture. The work they do on the street The ones that a bit reasonable hawk on the street, they sell things like sachet water, sweet etc, they carry loads for the people but majority do bus conductor in the day and in the night they snatch people’s bags. The rest that are not doing anything pick things from people’s pockets, remove woman’s necklace from their neck as they accustom them, the one that resist them they beat or even rape. Others snatch people’s phone on traffic jam. Who is to be blamed? There are many factors that contribute to this, first Parents, Society, government and the children themselves.

Parents More especially the polygamous family lacks affection for their children, according to Erikson’s theory on psychosocial stages of development, which state that when a child is deny love care and affection, he will grow up not trusting anyone, he ends up constitute nuisance because he cares for no one. Is what you have you give. Fathers who lost their wives should consider the children when getting a second wife, children fear second wife, they fear she may not like them and when she start having her children, she may favour her children more than them so they decide to live the house and stand on their own. Poverty on the side of the parent: When parents cannot care for their children, they left them to fern for themselves. Then they mixed up with all kinds of people in the society and get contaminated, they end up being street children. Society Society does not interact with these street children. They fear them as if they are outcast, people avoid having anything to do with them. The society sees them as never do well that nothing good can come out of them Government The government pretends that they don’t know that they are existing yet the politicians use them to get rid of anyone that stands on their way. They are active during any election Ways of combating street children and drug addicts in our area The parents should bring forth children that they can train very well to the highest level, it is a crime for one to bear a child and being unable to take care of that child. According to Erikson’s theory on psychosocial stages of development, if a child is denied love, care and affection, he/she end up not trusting anyone. Children should be encouraged to live a good life. Fathers should be able to maintain love and peaceful environment in their homes, women should learn that every child brought forth in this world is a child to take care of; they should take them as their own and treat them with love knowing they are building a future generation. Society should get closer and show them love. Thank God for my church that decided to rehabilitate them. They should be encouraged and not isolated. Everyone needs love. Government should build a home for the rehabilitation of these street children, our church started one and there have been a great improvement. Government should be involved in training and setting them up into small scale business, craft work or vocational. Street children themselves should be somehow compel to live a positive life, nonsense should not be tolerated from them, they should learn how to love, tolerate people and respect the elders. They should realize that the world is not always bed of roses; they should know that if you want to be on top, you have to work for it, lead by example. A leader must stand out for the good and truth. Not all that glisters are gold, if you go for all that glisters, you may not hit the gold, but if you go for gold then patience has to be applied. For gold passes through refiner’s fire. Going through fire is not easy. Let us all join hands to make our Nation better.

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Educational evaluation

Leidy Berroa | PhD in Education

We can define the evaluation as the systematic and comprehensive procedure in which multiple strategies are used, such as: questionnaires, inventories, interviews, standardized or criterion tests, oral exams, short tests, portfolios, presentations, etc. The evaluation is, then, a set of strategies aimed at improving the quality of teaching. Evaluation is an integral part of the life of the human being, we are continually undergoing evaluation. Not a day goes by that at the end of the day we do not take stock of what we did and how we did it, what we still have to do, etc. And so it is with all aspects of life. Therefore, it is not possible to think and organize a teaching process without the evaluation component being present. When excellence in educational performance is sought, it is essential to continually evaluate our own teaching procedures, so that it allows us to adapt them to the needs and characteristics of the students in a way that satisfies the expectations of the students. In the same way, students must be systematically subjected to evaluations in order to check their evolution, as well as the effectiveness of our own professional performance. It is important that teachers adapt to the students for which they must know, and discern how to proceed with each one if you had to reduce all educational psychology to a single principle, it would remain: the most important factor that influences learning it is what the student already knows. Hence the current boom in the initial assessment and the diagnostic dimension of the evaluation. The schools are made up of professionals. Such professionals must constantly seek to serve their students and the community in the best possible way. They must have high demanding criteria. They should compare their practices with the criteria. They should try to improve those aspects of their work that are deficient, or when the state of science has confirmed that there are better strategies to educate their students. They must work in collaboration with colleagues, parents and the community in order to effectively meet the range of educational needs of all their students. Must be open and interested in others evaluating their work. Instead, the effective school is one whose professionals systematically perform and use assessments to serve students well and to inform the public of the school’s achievements and needs. The word is a term that has been used a lot in recent decades and that is currently loaded with new meanings. This appreciation ought to allow us to make our mind more flexible in order to be able to grasp what is now understood as evaluation. Formerly it was understood by evaluation, or it was spoken of in terms of correction, of exam, of “change of level”, of the degree of adjustment to some norms or criteria. In more recent times, evaluation has been exercised as a control; it has been applied more to the product and to the results than to the processes; it has been more understood as a measure and quantification; it has polarized in excess in the student and its performance more than in any other factor of the teaching-learning process and has been used to compare and classify. In many moments, the educational evaluation is understood as a source of improvement. We can affirm with completeness that without evaluation there is no better possible and that only evaluating continuously is how we will progressively improve. The evaluation allows us to know what happens in school, assess it and act more effectively.

Writing an Abstract for a Thesis

Edward Lambert | AIU Academic Coordinator

In phase 3 of your program at Atlantic International University, you write a thesis of a research project. One thing that differentiates the thesis from an essay is that you will write an Abstract at the beginning of your thesis. It is very important to the success of your thesis to have a good abstract. When you someone starts to read your thesis, they will read the abstract first. Even though it will most likely be the last part of your thesis that you write. The abstract is not the first impression that a reader has of your thesis; the title of the thesis is the first impression. If the title grabs the reader’s attention then they will read the abstract next. There are objectives that an abstract hopes to accomplish. The abstract is more than just a summary of your thesis. You also want to get the reader’s interest and trust. The abstract should briefly summarize the scope and methods of the research and clearly state the conclusion of the research. The abstract is like taking a quick photograph of the thesis. The reader develops an image of the research quickly. You want this image to develop trust in the thesis. The abstract will basically present 4 parts in this order. 1. Background of topic 2. Methods used in research 3. Results of analysis 4. Conclusion based on analysis An ideal abstract will present these parts using between 150 and 300 words. Your reader is more likely to lose interest if the abstract is too long. Also, if your abstract is too long, the reader will tend to think that you do not understand your research yet. The briefer and clearer you are, the more confidence the reader will have that you truly understand your own research. Moreover, do not include any citations or references in the abstract. Those are put in the text of the thesis. Also, make sure that your abstract does not copy sentences from your thesis, especially the introduction. The abstract must be different from the text of your thesis. To write the abstract, have another person ask you to briefly explain your thesis. Try to be as brief and complete as possible. Record your answer. Play the recording to other people. Ask for their feedback. Do they get a clear image of your research and its conclusion? Do they think anything is missing? Did your recording grab their attention? Use the feedback of other people to edit your abstract. It is important that you do not write the abstract all by yourself without feedback from others. The abstract is a part of the thesis that must be evaluated by others before the thesis is complete. You must have confidence that others like and approve of your abstract. The success of your thesis will be greater.

Bibliographical references

By Dr. Rosa Hilda Lora M. Advisor at AIU | rosa@aiu.edu

When we are doing a research work and we have all the bibliography that we will use, we can find the surprise of the existence of different ways in terms of quoting the texts we want or to make the reference of the sources at the end of our work. We had enough to find the bibliography but now we have a big problem: why they quote here in a way and why it is done in another way. Which is the correct way? In the case of being a teacher of distance institutions or Advisor, as in the case of Atlantic International University, I have deliveries with little known ways of quoting in the Western world. The rules to quotations are made by organizations for a better distribution and location of the works; Scientists accept these rules. The different ways of making citations and references are the following: 1. ISO 690:2013 idem ISO 690:2010. https://www.iso.org/ home.html 2. CMS. Chicago style. 1903. It is applied in social sciences, art, music and literature. 3. TURABIAN. Kate Turabian, 1937. It is applied in humanities for students and doctoral students. 4. MLA. Modern Language Association. It is applied for humanities. https://www.mla. org/MLA-Style 5. VANCOUVER STYLE. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors; 1978. It is applied for medical journals. 6. APA. American Psychological Association; 1952. http://www.apa.org/ 7. HARVARD. Harvard University, 1881. http://www. unamenlinea.unam.mx/ recurso/83752-estilo-harvardpara- las-referencias-bibliograficas 8. AMA. American Medical Association. https://sites. google.com/site/investigandocchn/ home/formatosde- citacion-y-referencias/ estilo-ama-american-medical- association 9. ACS. American Chemical Society. https://libguides.tru. ca/acs 10. MHRA. Modern Humanities Research Association. Style for social sciences, contemporary history and geography. http://www.mhra. org.uk/ 11. IEEE. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Model for Engineering and Computer Science. http:// www2.unavarra.es/gesadj/ servicioBiblioteca/tutoriales/ Citar_referenciar_(IEEE).pdf 12. CSF. Council of Science Editors. It is applied in Biomedicine and Biochemistry. https://www.councilscienceeditors. org/ If you are a student in English language, in this document you have the official pages or Home Page of the institutions mentioned. In the WEB pages you can find documents in English because the institutions that elaborate the system about quotations, the majority, are from the United States.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. International Organization for Standardization. Recuperado de: https://www.iso.org/home.html | Modern Language Association. Recuperado de: https://www.mla.org/MLA-Style | American Psychological Association. Recuperado de: http://www.apa.org/ | Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Estilo Harvard. Recuperado de: http://www.unamenlinea.unam.mx/recurso/83752-estilo-harvard-paralas- referencias-bibliograficas | American Medical Association. Recuperado de: https://sites.google.com/site/investigandocchn/home/formatosde- citacion-y-referencias/estilo-ama-american-medical-association | American Chemical Society Citation. Recuperado de: https://libguides. tru.ca/acs | Modern Humanities Research Association. Recuperado de: http://www.mhra.org.uk/ | Biblioteca Universidad de Navarra. Recuperado de: http://www2.unavarra.es/gesadj/servicioBiblioteca/tutoriales/ Citar_referenciar_(IEEE).pdf | Council of Science Editors. Recuperado de: https://www.councilscienceeditors.org/ | Pérez, M. y otros. (2015). Manual de citas y referencias bibliográficas. Bogotá: Uniandes. Recuperado de: https://ediciones.uniandes.edu.co/Documents/Pautas%20de%20citacion/ Manual%20de%20citas%20y%20referencias%20bibliogr%C3%A1ficas%20 (Uniandes%2C%20final%20impresi%C3%B3n%2C%20julio%2021).pdf

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