Chemical recycling, which breaks down plastics into their monomers or other basic chemicals, has gained traction due to its ability to handle contaminated and mixed plastics.

• Pyrolysis: This process involves heating plastics without oxygen to break them down into oils and gases, which can be refined into new plastic products or fuels. Recent advancements have made pyrolysis more energy-efficient and capable of processing a more comprehensive range of plastic types.
• Depolymerization: Technologies that depolymerize plastics into their original monomers have shown promise, particularly for PET and polyamide. This method allows for creating of virgin-quality plastics from waste, supporting producing high-grade materials for food and beverage packaging.
• Solvent-Based Recycling: Innovative solvent-based processes dissolve plastics without degrading them, enabling the separation of additives and contaminants. The purified polymer can then be reprecipitated and reused, offering a high-purity recycling route for complex plastic products.

Biodegradable and Bio-Based Plastics

Another area of innovation is the development of biodegradable and bio-based plastics, which aim to reduce the environmental footprint of plastic production and disposal.

• PLA and PHA: Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are biodegradable plastics derived from renewable resources like cornstarch and sugarcane. Advances in fermentation and polymerization processes have reduced production costs and improved the material properties of these bioplastics, making them viable alternatives to conventional plastics.
• Enzymatic Recycling: Researchers are exploring the use of enzymes to break down biodegradable plastics more efficiently. Engineered enzymes can selectively target and decompose specific polymers, accelerating recycling and ensuring complete biodegradability.