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With the ease of access
to the Internet, a new
mode of communication, has
developed which is the platform
of social networks. They have
a real hold on their members
whose figures amount to around
1.5 billion. As surprising as it
seems, with web 2.0 which
makes it very easy to share a
good amount of personal data,
the use of the Internet is a
legal framework that protects
privacy. Benoît Sillard (2011, 201) expresses “fears of control
by all by all”, in an environment
where social digitalization is
very accelerated. The context
of the web, with its 1 billion
200 million Internet users
connected to the only social network Facebook, which
alone represents “a virtual
continent” according to Guy de
Felcourt (2011, 50) with more
than 175 million tweets that are
posted every day! The places of
connection to social networks
are increasing with cars connected
by wifi to the Internet
and public spaces now having
free access connections
Internet users, who are often
characterized by belonging to
more than one of these social
networks, are more exposed to
infringements of their rights
because of the entertainment
of interactions in various
digital spaces. These attacks
are more a result of human
vulnerability than security
breaches, conducive to identity
theft. It is at this time that
the problem of regulation arises
which seems to be a sector
not sufficiently equipped for
the repression of the accused,
It is more than imperative to
make a legal education which
frames the freedom of expression
on the net
The notion of responsibility
in relation to the acts
performed must be the center
of reflection for the users of
these spaces of free expression.
The law in its role must
define the contours of the
acceptable and the unacceptable
within the framework
of this new culture of social
ties. Will it not be useful to
already define the framework
of responsibility in the use of
digital spaces? What are the
legal approaches related to
Internet law, on the one hand
to the protection of privacy,
on the other to the protection
of personal data and finally
to the security of systems and
data? What charter should
govern the use of social networks
for a framework for the
use of social media?
Body of Assignment
Before we get to the heart
of the matter it is important
to define the key terms which
constitute the basis for this
reflection.
A digital space: It means
an integrated set of digital
services chosen and made
available to all stakeholders
in a community within a
framework of trust defined by
a master plan. It constitutes a
unified entry point allowing
the user to access, depending
on their profile and level
of authorization, their digital content and services. It offers
a place of exchange and collaboration
between its users,
and with other communities
in relation to the school or the
establishment. (Wikipedia)
Or: a digital space is the
online service accessible from
any browser connected to the
Internet which assembles the
digital services adapted to the
categories of users: get information,
produce information,
consult resources, organize
your work, communicate,
work alone or in a group,
learn, support the education of
your children. (Wikipedia)
A network is a set of interconnected
objects brought
together by their information
exchanges.
A social network: It is more
specifically a set of individuals
and organizations linked by
social interactions, during collaborative
processes. (Popular
definition)
Moral responsibility. It is
the need for a person to answer
for his intentions and his
actions before his conscience.
the use of digital spaces
As much as the digital space
is meant to be a space for free
expression, there are also
drifts due to the misuse of certain,
going so far as to commit
acts reprehensible by law.
Only it happens to be that
the digital space presents according
to certain countries
gaps which give free rein to a
debauchery which is synonymous
with real crime.
Cybersecurity frames the
domain of freedoms in the
digital space, except that
this hidden freedom behind
pseudonyms is transformed
into a cyber crime which seriously
harms the privacy of
other internet users.
This is how it is important to
convene the concept of legal
responsibility when any activity
aimed at tarnishing the
image of a third party, a State,
a company in the digital space.
Legal approaches
related to Internet law
On the one hand to the protection
of privacy, on the other
to the protection of personal
data and finally to the security
of systems and data
Some avant-garde countries
have already equipped themselves
with a legal framework
which legislates the use of the
digital space. There is a clear
understanding of the concept
of responsibility as for any
violator of the pre-established
laws. However, there are still
users accustomed to reprehensible
acts giving themselves
to serious acts of nuisance
towards others. However, their
package never goes unpunished
because of the use of
pseudonyms or virtual out ls
which camouflage them during
their package.
Nowadays there are in addition
to legal texts, there are the
qualified personnel to trace
any contravening with the respect
of the laws which frame
the use of the digital space.
In order not to be complicit
in their packages, the administrators
of social networks,
a free digital platform on the
web, now display a charter
which commits any violation
of the code of ethics to the use
and respect of the privacy of
third parties. The use of social
networks is not based on any
security which guarantees
respect for data belonging to
others. reason for which the
notion of responsibility must
be reinforced by a reprehension
of the judicial systems of
each country.
Thus, any person found
guilty of disseminating false
information, disclosing the
secrets of a public or private
structure without authorization,
publication of images
detrimental to the honor of
a third party; falsification of
documents for use in personal
interests etc must the subject
of the sactions. A coalition of
states from the same community
must establish a policy
of solidarity for assistance in
case of need to track down
offenders.
What charter should govern
the use of social networks for
a framework for the use of
social media?
Regarding the charter of use
of digital space, it must comply
with respect for the privacy
of individuals and public
establishments in accordance
with the articles contained in
the current penal code.
These elements must be
clearly defined and put at the
disposal of the user with the
warnings as for the sanctions
incurred in case there is drift
on the behavior in the digital
spaces.
Conclusion
It is clearly recognized that
digital spaces offer a space of
expression which facilitates
exchanges. However, it is very
important to define the concept
of responsibility in order
to respect the use of this space
which serves as a framework
for meeting on a global scale.
And which to date represents
a significant lever for development.
An education based on
the respect of the rules will
make digital space a pleasant
framework to travel without
placing yourself, to learn without
necessarily resorting to
large expenses, to be informed
in real time about what is happening
in the world and many
other advantages offered by
this swimming space.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Réseaux sociaux, responsabilité juridique et éducation
aux médias • Bruno Hénocque Dans Les Cahiers du numérique,
pages 63 à 91. 2014/2 (Vol. 10).
Science is the most beautiful
thought because it
allows us to get closer to the
wonderful world of which we
are part. It’s a work of dedication
and revision of all that we
are as human beings. We have
many explanations of the
physical world of which we are a part. We also review and
anticipate everything we are
as a culture and as a civilization.
Being a work of vision,
of proposals, of verification,
of exercises and exercises of
reason, it makes human beings
dedicated to it, builders of the
world that we know until now.
The disclosure of this type
of activity is recent; we know
that the universities within
their substantive functions
have that of the dissemination
of science. The terminology
that science has is what
gives it its character but at
the same time it becomes its difficulty for those who are not
specialists.
There is a difference between
common language and
scientific language. This difference
has been, many times
marked, on the one hand, by
the little dissemination that
was made of science, but at
the same time by the little
interest of society to know the
work of researchers.
From the Greek world we
know that all the objects of
study of science are not the
same: one thing is what has
to do with human beings and
another with nature.
The knowledge that science
provides is related to society,
the economy, history, philosophy,
human beings and
everything that makes up the
social and material world. Due
to their way of working, any
other explanation is useless
and wrong. People who use
the applications of science
study what the system is but
are far from its construction.
Nowadays we hear many
wanting to talk about science
but they’re lost in a field that
is not that of theories and
their foundation. Scientists
speak little of what they do, so
the works that explain what it
is to do science don’t have the
divulgation that they should
be. Scientists don’t have to
explain to each other what scientific
work is, hence, on this activity we find classic works
such as Karl Popper. Rather,
the works are written for those
who have to dabble in scientific
research.
Science is divided into:
Basic and Applied. Those
who work on its construction
develop in both fields: some
build the system and others
apply it for the benefit of
society.
The problem in the field of
science has been:
a) Identify what the object of
study is.
b) Checking for object type
c) The value of mathematics
d) The consideration of the
object of study outside its
environment.
e) The consideration of the
object of study in its integration
into the physical and
cultural world.
From the aforementioned aspects,
positions have emerged
throughout the history of science
that still determine.
We can see the jobs and
thinking in the following researchers:
Henri Poincaré (1854-1912)
Otto Neurath (1882-1945)
Ludwig Wittgenstein
(1889-1951)
Hans Reichenbach
(1891-1953)
Arthur Rosenblueth
(1900-1970)
Karl Popper (1902-1997)
Imre Lakatos (1922-1974)
Thomas S. Khun (1926-1996)
Paul Feyerabend (1924-1994)
Nowadays, to do any research,
whether you want to continue
in Positivism or not, for a good
research, you must enter the
holistic demonstration: demonstrate
to the object in the world
to which it belongs what interdisciplinarity
implies. That is
why there are no disagreements
about being a Positivist or not.
We still have followers of
quantification for which if
an investigation doesn’t have
a mathematical proof, the
knowledge that was intended
hasn’t been reached.
We know in this 21st century
that verification can be factual
and ideal. We also know that
we can’t consider the object of
study in isolation, so we have
to take interdisciplinarity very
seriously.
We live in a world where
the sciences that allowed the
creation of technology for marketing
and weapons to seek
peace from the generation of fear were given more importance.
Hence, the sciences in
which we see more production
are the so-called “hard
sciences”, such as physics
that needs mathematics for
quantification.
Mathematics has been
highly valued because it will
quantify the objects that are
wanted. We are aware of the
value that many think mathematics
has; a clear example
occurs, in many countries, in
the basic grades of education,
where children whose abilities
are oriented to other fields
of knowledge are paid little
attention.
Making history of the path
of science we have that we
are part of the Greco-Roman
culture. In the ancient world
we had a science only from
reasoning.
Modern science begins with
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
because he introduces experimentation
and mathematics.
With new ideas about the
method of doing science,
we talk about Isaac Newton
(1642-1727). Newton was
a follower of Aristotle for
his method of analysis and
synthesis.
One way of doing science,
which is maintained despite
its advancement, is Positivism
for which science is only about
observable and measurable
facts. For the Positivists, the verifiable refers to the quantity,
but today we know that
the verifiable has to be first of
the mind and after the factual,
if it is given.
In his classic work Science
with Consciousness Morin
says: “Scientific knowledge is
true knowledge, in the sense
that it is based on verified data
and is capable of providing
concrete predictions.” (Morin,
1984, p. 40)
The explanation that Morin
gives us refers to the fact
that scientists in their work
propose theories that demonstrate
and that new aspect of
what we call reality is reviewed
by the other members
of the scientific community
and the new theory must be
congruent with the system
that constitutes the science.
The recently deceased
Mario Bunge in Scientific
Research says: “Science is a
style of thought and action:
precisely the most recent, the
most universal and the most
profitable of all styles”. (Bunge,
2004. p. 19)
In relation to the knowledge
that science provides and everything
that many nowadays
say, Carl Sagan says: “We live
in a society that is extremely
dependent on science and
technology, in which almost
no one has minimal notions
about science and technology.”
(Sagan, 1994)
Nowadays we hear: scientific
method and it refers to
the positivist method.
We can mention all the
methods we want, but they all
have to be based on: a theory,
a demonstration, a check if the
object of study allows it, some
results and the application.
Having a society in which
everything is networks and
networks, there should be
more communication than
what does benefit society:
scientific work.
You can ask those with even
a Master’s degree which are
the popular science magazines and they don’t know. Ask
which artist had such behavior
and you will have very
detailed answers.
You can search the web for
many scientific journals because
currently there is a wide
publication because groups
such as the scientific community
and universities have
a commitment to disseminate
science.
In science there is no
other: it is demonstrated by
grounded reasoning and the
results are deduced from the
relationship with the supporting
theories.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. BUNGE, M. (2004). La Investigación Científica.
Barcelona: Ariel. | MORIN, E. (1984). Ciencia con Consciencia. Barcelona:
Anthropos. | SAGAN, C. (1994). USA: Cornell University.
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