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Festus Kongyu Ali Doctor of Philosop hy Development Studies Cameroo n |
Kristabel Nalowa Niger-Thomas Master of Science Accounting Cameroo n |
Sonia Filomena Andrade Correia Master of Management Human Resources Management Cap e Verde |
René Torres Villacorta Doctor of Family Resolution Scholar and Spiritual Conflict Chil |
Otto Krahan Bachelor of Civil Engineering Hydraulics Chile |
Cecilia Andrea Galleguillos Ramírez Bachelor of Psychology Clinical Psychology Chile |
Gabriel Arturo Flores Rozas Doctor of Education Education Chile |
Solange Bonko Odie Master of Management Human Resources Congo |
Mercedes Josefina Perez Diaz Doctor of Philosop hy Ed. Research, Technology and Innovation Dominican R |
Daniel De Los Santos Bachelor of Political Science Human Rights and Humanities Dominican Republic |
Juan Julio Castillo Castillo Bachelor of Science Electrical Engineering Dominican Republic |
Verónica Isabel Rivas Pacheco Bachelor of Science Nutrition and Dietetics Dominican R |
Hipólito López Santos Doctor of Education Religious Education Dominican Republic |
Jean Maxon Jolivert Master of Science Nutrition Dominican Republic |
Luis Armando León León Doctor of Business Management Business Management Ecuado |
Mirna Beatriz Ayala Fuentes Bachelor of Science Architecture El Salvador |
Carlos Adrian Saravia Mendez Master of Business Administration Business Administration El Salvador |
Mohammed Farik Doctor of Science Information Technology Fiji |
Bismark Yaw Gyamerah Doctor of Accounting Accounting Ghana |
Benedict Nii Tetteh Yartey Doctor of Education Higher Education Management Ghana |
Eric Yaw Owusu Doctor of Philosop hy Project Management Ghana |
Katherine A. Ramírez Coronado de H. Bachelor of Business Administration Business Administration Guatemala |
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Nancy Maricela Velásquez Aguilar Master of Science Nutrition Guatemala |
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German Evelio Fuentes Benites Bachelor of Social and Human Studies Humanitarian Studies Honduras |
Celfa Sanabria Torres Master of Science Legal Studies Honduras |
Novelett Yvonne Wilson Doctor of Science Psychology Jamaica |
Amer Zamel Abdallah Al Yazjin Bachelor of Science Aeronautical Engineering Jordan |
Kennedy Alwena Kimiywe Doctor of Theology Biblical Studies Kenya |
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We are living in a world in
which there is a lot of talk
about production, the wealth
of certain groups, migration
in Europe, migration on the
southern border of the United
States -USA- and representative
systems changed by military
systems. It seems that freedom
and what it is, democracy, are
becoming absent from our beloved
planet, which we are also
seeing suffer from everything
that many humans are doing.
Its our knowledge that the United Nations Organization
holds its General Assembly
every year where it reviews
already proposed objectives
and structures new ways to
achieve them. This year 2023,
the General Assembly was held
from September 18 to 23 at its
headquarters in New York City,
USA. “World leaders gathered
in New York to participate in
the annual high-level General
Debate under the theme
“Rebuilding trust and reviving
global solidarity: Accelerating actions within the 2030
Agenda and its Sustainable
Development Goals towards
achieving of peace, prosperity,
progress and sustainability
for all”. United Nations - UN.
General assembly. High level week
2023. September 2023. https://
www.un.org/es/high-levelweek-
2023#:~:text=Los%20
Jefes%20de%20Estado%20
y%20de%20Gobierno%20se%20
reunir%C3%A1n%20en,nivel%20
sobre%20acciones%20
transformadoras%20y With the afore mentioned
objective, the commissions
worked on the review of the
Sustainable Development Goals
with the aim of ensuring that
they are met by the date that
has already been previously
proposed, which is 2030.
The basis for these objectives
to be achieved is the peace and
organization of the States: with
freedom to structure education,
with production so that
human beings can achieve
their goals of personal development.
The freedom is called
democracy.
The UN assigned UNESCO
—United Nations Education,
Science and Culture Organization—
the work of the 17
sustainable development
goals where objective
4 determines that there must
be Quality Education and also
throughout of the life.
It has, to be throughout life
because knowledge grows rapidly
and otherwise many human
beings would be left out
of the context of production.
It also happens that if it is
not studied throughout life,
people remain outside the
world in which we live.
We must always study because
knowledge is useful for
all the decisions we make in
life. If you don’t do it, life becomes
very sad because many
mistakes are made due to lack
of knowledge.
“The head of the UN urged
the people or organizations
participating in the event to
present credible, serious and
innovative climate measures,
as well as nature-based solutions
that represent significant
advances and respond to the
urgency of the climate crisis.”
United Nations -UN. General
assembly high level week
2023. September 2023. https://
www.un.org/es/high-levelweek-
2023#:~:text=Los%20
Jefes%20de%20Estado%20
y%20de%20Gobierno%20se%20
reunir%C3%A1n%20en,nivel%20
sobre%20acciones%20
transformadoras%20y
Talking about Climate
Change is obvious: droughts,
floods and very high temperatures.
If there are no governments
that seek the well-being
of their citizens, it is impossible
to achieve the necessary
development.
If the well-being of citizens
is called democracy and it is
freedom, we are witnessing
the path that it is taking.
Regarding the work proposed
in this last Assembly,
the UN has greatly outlined
what is necessary to achieve
Democracy.
In addition to the work
carried out in the General Assembly,
the UN had declared
September 15 as international
day of democracy,
the work was, therefore, very
precise for this September.
In accordance with the current
situation, the UN considered
that the main objective to
achieve the necessary democracy
at this time is: empower
young people in it.
“Youth must navigate a
world where democracies are
threatened by factors ranging from the proliferation of misinformation
and disinformation
online to rising populism
and the destabilizing effects
of the climate crisis. “It’s
important that everyone can
participate meaningfully in
the decisions that affect their
lives now, and in the years
to come”. United Nations - UN.
International Day of Democracy
- September 15. September
2023. https://www.un.org/es/
observances/democracy-day
We are living in a world
where the organization and
pursuit of the production of
goods is marked by groups that
think that only they exist.
The United Nations seeks
a way to empower young people to assume leadership
positions in matters of utmost
importance so that the changes
that today’s world needs to
strengthen democracy can
be made.
“On the International Day
of Democracy, we celebrate
the promise that democracy
represents for societies, and
we recognize the many threats
it faces in times as tense and
turbulent as those we live in”.
—Guterres, A. Secretary
General of the United Nations.
United Nations - UN. International
Day of Democracy - September
15. September 2023. https://
www.un.org/es/observances/
democracy-day
Democracy is a process and an objective and can only
be achieved with the support of
civil society, governments and
the international community.
Democracy means freedom
of expression and it’s enshrined
in the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights in its
article 19, which says:
“Everyone has the right
to freedom of opinion and
expression; this right includes
the right not to be disturbed
because of his or her opinions,
to seek, receive and disseminate
information and opinions,
regardless of frontiers, through
any media. expression”. United
Nations - UN. International Day of
Democracy - September 15. September
2023. https://www.un.org/
es/observances/democracy-day
There are groups that look
for all ways to violate this
right. It’s the world we are
living in: the strongest groups
intend to stay in power by obtaining
the benefits they want
without caring about the human
beings they leave without
a decent life.
The UN not only guides on
issues that have to do with
democracy, also has a background: “The United Nations
Democracy Fund (UNDEF)
funds projects that empower
civil society, promote human
rights and encourage the
participation of all groups in
democratic processes, including
young people.” United
Nations - UN. International Day of
Democracy - September 15. September
2023. https://www.un.org/
es/observances/democracy-day
Empowering young
people means giving them
quality and lifelong
education so they can build a
satisfying life.
By empowering young
people, it prevents them from
being convinced of positions
that only lead to objectives that
go against a dignified life.
You have to study now
and throughout your life.
You are taking a program at
Atlantic International University
(AIU): study, learn
so that you can build a decent
life and can work to forge the
democracy that we need.
The social world and our
planet Earth will give us a
dignified life if we work for the
good of all: democracy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. NACIONES UNIDAS - ONU. Asamblea general. Semana
de alto nivel 2023. Septiembre 2023. https://www.un.org/es/high-levelweek-
2023#:~:text=Los%20Jefes%20de%20Estado%20y%20de%20Gobierno%20se%20
reunir%C3%A1n%20en,nivel%20sobre%20acciones%20transformadoras%20y | NACIONES
UNIDAS - ONU. Contrarrestar la desinformación. Septiembre 2023.
https://www.un.org/es/countering-disinformation/ | NACIONES UNIDAS - ONU. Día
International de la Democracia - 15 de septiembre. Septiembre
2023. https://www.un.org/es/observances/democracy-day
Abstract
This article discusses the
importance of successful communication
between people in
the use of language, especially
those learning a given
foreign language. As a language
teaching professional,
I believe that a good usage of
the language is what leads to
successful communication. By
“good usage”, here we mean
some degree of communicative
competence in the practice of
a foreign language, with some
coherence in order to be understood
by your interlocutor,
i.e. your hearer or reader.
Foreign language learners
who practice the language
through different interactions,
as encouraged by good models
from teachers/ facilitators,
are the ones that are likely
to achieve successful communication,
which implies
communicative competence
through communicative approach
in the learning process.
Good interaction between the
two parties in communication,
i.e. the speaker and the hearer,
the writer and the reader,
or between those using sign
language, implies successful
communication as long as
the message passes from the
source to the receiver, despite
some language errors that may
occur therein.
1. Introduction
Communicative competence
and communicative approach
are two paramount elements
which are connected to successful
language teaching/
learning process. These are
also connected to educational
linguistics on the issue of the
ultimate attempt of language
teaching which must enable
learners to communicate
successfully in the target
language they are learning,
since “Speaking without communicating
is a tale told by an
idiot.” (Savignon, 1973).
In order to achieve this,
it is not sufficient to have a
wide-ranging understanding of
language forms and functions;
what is additionally needed is
exchange of meanings in actual
interaction.
2. Sociolinguistics
and language variation
Sociolinguistics covers a
wide range of studies of how
language is used in its social
context, but all the studies
have one thing in common:
they deal with language
variation. They emphasize how
malleable language is and how
its form and function change across different cultures and
across different social situations
within one culture.
Various social factors determine
the individual speaker’s
use of language. All speakers,
in this context, adapt their
style of speaking to suit the
social situation in which they
find themselves. Such a styleshifting
demands constant
judgements, yet speakers
are not normally conscious
of making such judgements
until they find themselves in
a problematic situation for
which they do not know the
conventions, or for which the
criteria for speaking in a certain
way clash.
On the other hand, it is
intuitively clear that a teacher,
for example, does not speak in
the same way to his wife, his
mother-in-law, his colleagues
in the staffroom, his pupils,
his headmaster, etc. His way
of talking to them will change
according to the context, social
considerations (formal or informal),
and relationships.
People therefore adapt their
speech according to the person
they are talking to and the
point behind the talk. These are social rather than linguistic
constraints.
3. Interactionist Theory
Stubb (1983), quoted by
Kambale, M. B. (1996), gives
the following ideas about the
importance of language interaction
(interactionist theory)
toward the emphasis of successful
communication:
In parallel with communicative
approach, the interactionist
theory also puts
emphasis on the effect of
social environment in which
linguistic competence can be
turned out to be communicative
competence through
interaction and by the help of
non-verbal components; much
more meaningful language
learning can be achieved, as
proposed by educational linguists.
It is worth noting that
“classroom interaction” is the
core of educational linguistics
research…it is obvious
that communicative language
teaching, silent way, suggestopedia,
TPR and other methods
such as task-based and
competency-based language
teaching can also be linked to
educational linguistics.
4. Language functions
One way of analyzing such
variations in language behaviour
is to isolate various
factors in the social situations
which influence or interact
with the kind of language
used, and to discuss associated
functions which language fills
in different situations. Language
does not play a constant
role across different social situations,
yet many people still
assume that language mainly
has two general functions as
it refers to the external world
and interactive clear messages
(a referential-cognitive function),
and of expressing feelings
(an emotive function).
This distinction may hold as
an initial classification, but it is
quite inadequate as a detailed
analysis. It is not something
ordinary in sociolinguistics
to say that language can have
many functions. Language may
have as its primary function
the task of getting a message
across and of persuading the
addressee to a certain point of
view. However, greetings for
example may have the primary
function of establishing or
maintaining social relationships
and solidarity: very little new
propositional information may
be communicated. Other functions
of language simply serve
to fill embarrassing silence.
In the same way, short
statements in lengthier
speeches may also not have
the same key functions. It is
significant to understand that
the function of a statement
may be relatively different than
its traditional grammatical description. For instance, a
teacher may say: John, come
down to the front. This is a
clear imperative, but he may
also say: John, I don’t think it
is a good idea for you to sit at
the back of the class.
Although this does not have
imperative syntax, it the clear
function of getting the student
to move: surface syntactic
forms must be distinguished
from speech act functions, such
as request or order. The type of
functional approach to language
which is proposed here
derives largely from Hymes’
work on the ethnography of
communication. Hymes (1962),
following Jacobson (1960),
paraphrased by Kambale
(1996), propose the following
seven broad types of function
which language in use serves:
(1) Expressive/emotive
(2) Directive/persuasive
(3) Poetic
(4) Contact (physical
or psychological)
(5) Metalinguistic (focusing
on meaning)
(6) Referential
(7) Contextual/situational.
According to the same above
mentioned linguists, in a
speech situation, appropriate
language may depend on different
combinations of:
(a) Sender
(b) Receiver
(c) Message form
(d) Channel (e.g. speech
versus writing)
(e) Code (e.g. dialect, language
or jargon)
(f) Topic
(g) Setting or situation.
Some of Hymes’ ideas on
the ethnography of communication
are used in classroom
contexts. The speech
functions that Hymes calls
metalinguistic, contact and
poetic are predominantly
pertinent to an instructor’s
communicative anxiety in the
classroom.
Hymes shows that among
the several functions that
language may have through
various contexts; it may
do the work of concentrating
on language itself, on its
forms, or on some aspects of
the communicational situation.
According to Hymes’
analysis, language with a metalinguistic function focuses
on the underlying look. So, an
utterer may concentrate on
the meaning of the language
used by saying for instance the
following statement: Go and
look it up in the dictionary!
Language with a contact function
focuses on the channels
of communication, as when
we say: Can you hear me? And
language with a poetic function
focuses on the message form.
5. Semantics
and pragmatics
Semantics and pragmatics
are branches of linguistics
concerned with meaning.
These subfields have traditionally
been divided according to
aspects of meaning thought to
arise from the grammar versus
linguistic and social context.
Semantics in this conception
is concerned with grammatical
and lexical meanings and pragmatics concerned with
meaning in context.
Lyons (1977) suggests
the meaning of “meaning”
as: ‘That which something
signifies and the value or
significance of what is signified.’
But he acknowledged the
weakness of his definition and
said a little later: ‘but the fact
remains that the meaning of
words and sentences is learnt
and maintained by the use to
which language is put in communicative
situations. There
is therefore meaning in the
abstract and meaning in use;
the former being only a subset
or part of the latter.’
The study of meaning in use;
known as pragmatics, and the
study of meaning in abstraction;
known as semantics, are
two of the branches of Semiotics
or the study of signs By definition, semantics is
the study of meaning in its
entirety. For this reason, one
may find it hard to establish
a clear-cut boundary between
semantics and pragmatics
as these two disciplines are
complementary (they work
hand in hand) in the modern
analysis of language meaning.
However, for the sake of
clarity, some details about each
discipline may be necessary.
As far as pragmatics is concerned,
it is the study of signs
to interpreters or the study of
language usage. Pragmatists
study meaning at concrete
level; they see language as
means to convey meaning in
use rather than in the abstract.
Leech, G. (1983:6) states the
difference between pragmatics
and semantics in the following
terms: Meaning in pragmatics is defined as relative to speaker
or user of the language,
whereas meaning in semantics
is defined purely as a property
of expression in a given
language in abstraction from
particular situations, speakers
or hearers.
In fact, it has been said that
meaning is not only a matter
of intention to state something,
but it is also a matter
of convention. Implicit in the
world, convention is the idea
that there is an active participation
of both the speaker
and the hearer in the use of
language to mean; i.e. in the
negotiation of meaning.
Since pragmatics deals with
language user’s meaning, it
is in relationship with sociolinguistics,
psycholinguistics,
semantics (in its narrow sense)
and other mechanisms of
human communication (for
example, gestures, facial expressions,
sign language, etc.).
As a way of illustration, let’s
examine the understanding of
the following utterances:
Husband: I ate up all the food.
Wife: Oh, thanks.
Semantic approach: The
food is completely finished.
The food is all in my stomach.
Pragmatically: There is a
compliment being made at on
the food: The food was so nice/
delicious that I couldn’t help
putting it all in my stomach.
In other words, this is a compliment to the person who
cooked or bought the food.
Pragmatics accounts for
mechanisms by which language
users communicate
beyond the mere use of linguistic
devices. We now know
that much of the information
people convey or transmit in
everyday interactions is implied
rather than asserted.
Semantics deals with the
relations of signs with the
objects to which the signs
are applicable. When we
teach meaning, we teach the
following three things: the
concept (thought), the symbol
(sign, spelling, phonetic symbols),
and the referent (signified).
Here, we also study
the way in which the signs
are related to one another
and deal with the changes
of the meanings of words.
It is worth acknowledging
however that the following
are some issues semanticists
are concerned with: ambiguity,
hyponymy, contradiction,
implication.
The three elements we
teach through meaning indicate
that the 3 terms are different
in meanings and that
there is no direct relationship
between them. Sometimes
you may have a relationship
between the symbol and the
referent, but this case is not a universal one. Then between
thought and referent there is a
direct relationship. A word has
2 parts: form and content. The
form relates to the symbolic
function of the word. Example:
Good /g d/ (spelling and
pronunciation). The content
relates to the thought or reference
which is printed in mind.
Pragmatics is known as
the area of language study to
which any logical approach in
linguistics involving contextual
considerations belongs.
Here, context is understood as
the environment or circumstance
in which language is
used. Pragmatics experts and
discourse analysts are the ones
who carry out professional investigations
on how a language
is used in a certain context,
the connection between the
speaker and his/her statement,
rather than investigating on
the specific time of use and the
potential connection between
a statement and another. This
means that in using terms like
reference, assumption, implicature,
implication, pragmatics
experts and discourse analysts
have described what speakers
and hearers do in the actual
sense, and not the relationship
which exists between one
statement and another, one
word and another, etc.
TO BE CONTINUED
Dr. Franklin Valcin Presi den t/Academic Dean |
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