David Mbangui Da Costa Bachelor of Education Pedagogy Angola |
María Fabiana Vassallo Bachelor of Psychology Humanistic and Science Argentina |
Tomás Jeremías Bianchi Bachelor of Arts Philosoph y Argentina |
Altonya D. Ferguson Associate of Business Administration Accounting Bahamas |
Aloumedjo Zam Thierry Farrel Doctor of Arts Human Resources Cameroon |
Ronald Joseph Laybolt Doctor of Business Administration Project Management Canada |
Yvonne Bessem Ojong-Fossung Doctor of Science Public Health and Medical Informatics Canada |
Claudia Elena Vasquez Gutierrez Bachelor of Business Administration Public Accounting Colombia |
Margarita Maria Villegas Vidal Doctor of Business Administration Business Administration Colombia |
Bukasa Musangu Ronsard Bachelor of Business Administration Business Administration Democratic Republic of Congo |
David Lomboto Bosilaito Doctor of Philosophy Education Democratic Republic of Congo |
Orestes Luis Hernández Quiñones Doctor of Science Psychology Equatorial Guinea |
Lorenza Campanet Segorbe Bachelor of Social and Human Studies Pedagogy Equatorial Guinea |
Mbarga Guy Fabien II Master of Science Information Security Management France |
Margaret Maku Hammond Bachelor of Science Public Administration Ghana |
Daniel Frimpong Bachelor of Science Information Technology Ghana |
Rita Kuku Moshe Bachelor of Science Computer Science Ghana |
Edgar Leonel Marquez Arrecis Bachelor of Business Administration Management Guatemala |
Jorge Francisco Retolaza Doctor of Science Public Administration and Public Policies Guatemala |
Henson S. King Bachelor of Business Administration Procurement and Supp ly Chain Management Liberia |
Benson Malunga Phiri Bachelor of Science International Relations Malawi |
Christopher Tunde Olaniran Bachelor of Science Solar Energy Nigeria |
Augustine Nwaulune Doctor of Philosophy Engineering Management Nigeria |
Alaku, Anthony Nnanna Doctor of Philosophy Economics and Public Policy Nigeria |
Alphonse Kee Domki Ali Bachelor of Business and Economics Public Policy Papua New Guinea |
Rosa Maria Arrunátegui Del Rosario Bachelor of Science Psychology Learning and Family Counseling Peru |
Alfredo Jose F. Bustamante Nicholson Doctor of Science Management and Industrial Production Peru |
Francisco Sánchez-Rodríguez Doctor of Philosophy Anglo-American Legal System Puerto Rico |
Godfrey Ngirishi Bachelor of Science Public Health Romania |
Desmond John Bachelor of Science Mechanical Engineering Sierra Leone |
Elsa Veronica Jimenez Marquez Bachelor of Business Administration Management Spain |
Joel David George Bachelor of Science Operation Management Trinidad and Toba go |
Cathian Alphonse Doctor of Philosophy Human Resource Management Trinidad and Toba go |
Guillermo Moises Lockward Mendez Bachelor of Science Psychology US A |
Jose Adolfo Herrera Acevedo Doctor of Business Administration Business Administration US A |
Auristela Anabel Urieta Serrano Doctor of Philosophy App lied Linguistics for Language Teaching US A |
Gaetane Claude Garcon Bachelor of Science Project Management US A |
Kapya A. Kapalaula Bachelor of Education Coaching Zambia |
Davison Mange Master of Science Behavioral Economics Zimbab we |
Thomas Munyaradzi Chikadaya Master of Science Statistics Zimbab we |
Results
Reasons for living
And suicidal ideation
Hypothesis 1 stated that
there would be a significant
negative relationship between
reasons for living and suicidal
ideation. This hypothesis
investigated the relationship
between overall Reasons for
Living as well as the subscales
of Reasons for living and
Suicidal Ideation. The correlation
coefficients between the
overall Reasons for Living, as the subscales of Reasons for
Living, and suicidal ideation
have been computed and presented
in Table 3 below.
From the Table 1 it can
be seen that the correlation
coefficient observed between
Overall Reasons for Living
and Suicidal Ideation was
significant [r(381)= -0.505,
p= 0.001]. Since the correlation
coefficient is negative it
means that the stronger the
overall Reasons for living of
the respondents, the weaker
their suicidal ideation and
vice versa. The implication of
this is that hypothesis 1 which
stated that there would be a
significant negative relationship
between reasons for living
and suicidal ideation was
supported.
Hypothesis 2 stated that all subscales on Reasons for Living
Scale (Future Optimism,
family alliance, Fear of death
by suicide, Peer acceptance
and Support, and Self-acceptance)
would significantly
predict adolescent suicide ideation,
was partially supported.
(See Table 1)
From Table 1, it is observed
that all the five (5) subscales of
the Reasons for Living Scale
were found to have significant
negative relationship with
suicidal ideation. This means
that the five reasons for living
protect against suicidal
ideation. A significant negative
relationship was observed
between Future optimism
and Suicidal Ideation [r(381)=
-0.343, p= 0.001]. The relationship
observed between Family
Alliance and suicidal ideation
was negative and significant
[r(381)= -0.340, p= 0.001].
Again, a significant negative
relationship was observed
between Peer Acceptanceand-
Support and suicidal
TABLE 1: Summary of Correlations of Overall Reasons for Living, as well as
the Subscales of Reasons for Living scale, and Suicidal Ideation (n=381)
ideation [r(381)= -0.266, p=
0.001]. Furthermore, the correlation
between Suicide related
concerns and suicidal ideation
was negative and significant
[r(381)= -0.346, p= 0.001].
Finally, a significant negative
relationship was observed
between Self-Acceptance
and suicidal ideation [r(381)=
-0.477, p= 0.001]. Among five
subscales of Reasons for living,
Self-Acceptance had the
highest correlation coefficient
with suicidal ideation than
other subscales (reasons for
living). The negative correlation
coefficients observed
implies that the stronger the
adolescents’reasons for living
the weaker their suicidal ideation
and vice versa. In order
words, adolescents are less
likely to contemplate suicide
when they have stronger reasons
to stay alive.
In order to determine the
extent to which each of the
five reasons for living predicts
suicidal ideation, the subscale
scores for the reasons for living scale were entered into
a Multiple Regression model
and the results obtained is
presented in Table 2.
(See Table 2)
The results indicated that the
reasons for living were significant
in predicting suicidal
ideation [F (5,377) =34.41, p
=0.001]. The overall model
(all the five reasons for living)
predicted 29.4% variation in
suicidal ideation. However,
when the five reasons for living
were considered individually,
it was found that Family
Alliance (ß = -.113, p < 0.05),
Suicide-related concerns (ß
=-.173, p < 0.01), Self-Acceptance
(ß = -.306, p < 0.01), and
Future optimism (ß = -.128,
p < 0.05) were significant in
predicting suicidal ideation.
Self acceptance emerged as
the strongest reason for living
that predicts suicidal ideation.
Peer acceptance and support
did not account for significant
variance in suicidal ideation
(ß = -.022, p>0.05). This means
that while family alliance, suicide-related concerns,
self-acceptance and future optimism
significantly predicted
suicidal ideation, peer acceptance
and support did not. An
important thing to note from
Table 4 is that all beta values
observed for all the reasons for
living were negative, indicating
that an increase in the
five reasons for living reduces
suicidal thoughts in adolescents.
The implication of this
is that; the hypothesis 1 (b)
which stated that all subscales
on Reasons for Living Scale
(Future optimism, Family
alliance, Fear of death by
suicide, Peer acceptance and
Support, and Self acceptance)
would significantly predict
adolescents‘suicide ideation
was partially supported.
The influence of Gender
on Reason for Living (RFL)
and Suicidal Ideation
The hypothesis 3 predicted
that gender would moderate
the relationship between
reasons for living and suicidal
ideation. This was to investigate
whether gender of the
adolescents would influence
the relationship between RFL
and Suicidal ideation. The
Hierarchical Multiple Regression
was used in testing this
hypothesis and the results
obtained were summarized in
Table 3 below.
(See Table 3)
Model 1 showed that reasons
for living (RFL) accounted for
25.5% variance in suicidal ideation.
It can be observed that
RFL had a significant influence
on suicidal ideation [F (1,381)
=130.66, p =0.001], (ß = -.505,
p =0.001). This means that an
increase in RFL is associated
with a decrease in the level
of suicidal ideation among
adolescents. The results also
showed that the interaction
between RFL and Gender
(Model 3) was significant [F
(1,380) =47.73, p <0.01], (ß =
.112, p <.05). This implies that
gender significantly moderate
the relationship between RFL
and suicidal ideation. Model
3 showed that the interaction
between sex of the respondents
and RFL accounted for
only 1.2% variance in suicidal
ideation. The conclusion that
is drawn from this result is
that hypothesis 6 which stated
that gender would moderate
the relationship between
reasons for living and suicidal
ideation was confirmed.
Discussion
Reasons for living (RFL)
and suicidal ideation (SI)
The results obtained have
indicated that higher scores
on RFL were significantly
associated with lower scores
on suicidal ideation. Also as
predicted by the hypotheses
(1 b), all the five RFL that were
investigated: family alliance,
peer acceptance and support,
fear of death by suicide and
self-acceptance and future
optimism were found to correlate
negatively with SI. This
means that the stronger each
of these reasons to stay alive
are, the weaker the thoughts
about ending their own lives.
This is because RFL serve as
protective factors against SI.
For instance, when adolescents
have strong optimism
about the future, they would
not desire to commit suicide.
Also, when they have a stronger
sense of family alliance
and strong fear of death by
suicide, their thoughts of committing
suicide would be less.
More detailed examination
of the five reasons for living,
self-acceptance was strongest
in predicting SI. Also it was
found that even though higher
sense of peer acceptance and
support protected against
suicidal ideation, it does not
significantly predict suicidal
ideation. The current findings
are consistent with several
previous studies (eg. Kwok
& Shek, 2010; Malone, et al.,
2000; Norhayati, Amit, Che
Din, & Ong, 2017).
Gender differences
in suicidal ideation
It was predicted that the gender
of the participants would
moderate the relationship
between reasons for living
and suicidal ideation. Results
obtained showed that the
moderation effect of gender
on the relationship between
RFL and suicidal ideation was
significant. This means that
the result confirmed the predictions
made by the stated
hypothesis. The results have
also established that gender
as an independent factor influences suicidal ideation.
In fact it was established that
male adolescents reported
higher suicidal ideation than
female adolescents. Also
females have higher reasons
for living than males. Furthermore,
RFL and suicidal
ideation were found to have
significant inverse relation.
Since a significant relationship
was observed between
RFL and suicidal ideation
and gender was observed to
independently influence RFL
and suicidal ideation, it is
conspicuous that gender as
an independent factor would
have significant moderation
effect on that relationship.
The higher reasons for living
that was reported by females
than males can probably
explain why males are more
successful at suicidal behaviors
than females. The present
findings are consistent with
previous studies (eg. Eshun,
2003; Luo, Wang, Wang, & Cai,
2016; Nwosu & Odesanmi, 2001;
Sukhai, Harris, Moorad, &
Dada, 2010).
Conclusion
Suicide remains a major
public health concern worldwide.
The current study is
imperative since it aids in
understanding the dynamics
of suicidal ideation in relations
to factors that leave the
individual vulnerable and prone to suicidal behaviors,
and factors that protect the
individual against suicide. It
is explicit from the findings of
the study that stronger reasons
for living are likely to predict
lower suicidal thoughts in
adolescents. Among the five
reasons for living that were
investigated, family alliance,
sense of self acceptance, fear of death by suicide and future
optimism are significantly
stronger in protecting Ghanaian
adolescents against
suicidal ideation than peer acceptance
and support. Suicide
can therefore be prevented
when management strategies
consider reasons for living in
adolescents.
The End
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Malone, K. M., Oquendo, M. A., Haas, G., Ellis, S. P., Li, S., & Mann, J. J. (2000).
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with Special Needs. Arviat: Nunavut, Canada.
We are in days close to
2020 of the Gregorian
calendar and many have the
idea that with a number that
looks special we will have a
different future than what the
past years have been. 2020
and the world will be different.
2020, a new year and sure
things will be different.
What is the reason to expect
them to be different?
We are witnessing the social
discontent that seems to grow
and move from this country to
the other.
We see our planet mourn
from one region to another
because now it’s a hurricane
here, in a few days a typhoon
in Asian countries, later huge
snowfall in other countries,
fires here or floods there.
What is notorious is that
in the face of so many difficulties,
in what seems all
together, humanity wants new
situations to arise for all.
Everyone seems to want a
new dawn of our planet and the society that inhabits it.
Everyone is looking for a
horizon, a future of opportunities
for all, of well-being
for all. The question is where
does everything that is living
come from?
If we look at the history of
mankind, it seems that the
same situations have always
Occurred human beings
taking
off property through wars,
through violence and also
natural disasters.
The question that should
be asked is: What do human
beings do so that everything
seems to remain the same?
Making an analysis of the
Social History of Humanity
we see that progress is made
in terms of science, progress
is made in terms of technology,
progress is being made
in marketing, but well-being
seems to be that it’s buying
and buying more and more
sophisticated goods.
How to find that horizon we
want, that we need to feel that
life is the most beautiful thing
we have?
It's not about doing science
and more science because our
History as human beings is
that we are good for that job:
doing science.
What we need is to look for
another way, another thought
of who we are as human beings.
So much intelligence dedicated
to science and material
well-being; why we don’t apply
it to generate a society where
there is abundance for all.
How to find the path where
other human beings exist?
It seems that we have to
think about the race for goods
and see how to create the
necessary elements so that
well-being reaches as soon as
human beings are born on the
face of our planet.
We need all human beings
to be equal, that everyone has
a chance of the goods they
need to have a satisfying life.
We have to work to stop the
crazy race in which we are:
science to make technology
and technology and science for
products for the market, information
to generate needs and
discontent that to lack those
products is to be unhappy.
Science and science also to
create weapons
This 2020 that begins we
must be creating the basis for
a horizon of hope of well-being
for 90% of the world population
that is out of wealth.
We must work on all the lines
that constitute our social life,
our economic life, our life of
learning to build a better world.
We must be messengers of change in each of our
activities.
Where can we generate
the horizon of well-being for
many human beings who want
to have an enriching life?
A horizon is built on education,
on health, on the quality
of work, on the welfare of
health and even on the wellbeing
of recreation.
A horizon is that all human
beings can believe that they’ll
achieve a life in which they
can develop their skills.
A horizon is that there are
social security guarantees; the
same justice for all.
A horizon is that the father
can believe that his children
will reach higher goals than
he had.
A horizon is that it’s believed
that what is produced
in a country will benefit
everyone.
A horizon is that medical
care benefits everyone;
that human beings don’t die
because there is not enough
health care.
A horizon is that parents
don’t have to put their children
to work while they are minors
so that they can obtain a food.
A horizon is that human
beings can achieve the necessary
education to obtain a job
that allows them to live or
that can be dedicated to being
entrepreneurs.
A horizon is to sleep and know that you have the social
organization necessary for
governments to do what they
must do for the welfare of the
governed.
A horizon is to know that
when you reach the mature
age you will have the necessary
social security.
We are living in such a way
that citizens don’t know what
governments are for. It seems
that there is no order on the
planet.
We have to work each of
us to build the necessary elements so that each human
being upon waking up every
sunrise has the security horizon
to be happy.
It is said that there is better
assistance for health, work,
housing and education, what
is needed is that it reaches
everyone.
We have to become aware
that the horizon has to be
for every human being that
inhabits this planet.
We need to change our
welfare mentality; a beautiful
and safe horizon is not material goods.
The safety and welfare
horizon is the inner
peace.
We have to aware also
that every human being
is a boat companion
because each one has the
same rights.
We have to build the
horizon we need!
We can, we only have
to want!
According to Einstein:
“If you look for different
results don’t do the same”.
Some students do not have a lot of time to study. They feel like they have to read their books fast. These students do not read slowly. They use a reading method called scanning. Do you ever scan the reading material to read quicker? If so, there is a way to improve your scanning. Let’s talk about scanning as you read. Each student is unique and unrepeatable at AIU. Some students study better if they read fast. Some students study better if they read slower. It all depends on how your mind assimilates and comprehends information to be used later. So it is not wrong to scan your books as you read, as long as you are able to recall and use the information after. Normally the goal of scanning is to locate certain topics or facts in the reading material. So, you have to know what you are looking for. However, as you scan your book, you will find an interesting topic. Then you can slow down and read more carefully that section of the book. You can also scan to answer a specific question. You scan for specific key words related to your question. When you find the section where the answer is, then you can slow down and read more carefully. You must have some precaution with scanning. It actually requires a more intense type of concentration and can be tiring. You also have to be careful of not allowing your attention to wander, because the mind is not deeply involved in the reading material. So, the best way to use scanning is to find information that is relevant and interesting to you. Then slow down and read that section more carefully.